{"id":2706,"date":"2024-11-07T15:03:43","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T13:03:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/?p=2706"},"modified":"2024-11-07T15:03:59","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T13:03:59","slug":"dezvoltarea-industriei-in-bucuresti-inceputul-perioadei-interbelice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/eternal\/dezvoltarea-industriei-in-bucuresti-inceputul-perioadei-interbelice-2706","title":{"rendered":"Dezvoltarea industriei \u00een Bucure\u0219ti \u2013 \u00eenceputul perioadei interbelice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Perioada interbelic\u0103 a dezvolt\u0103rii Bucure\u0219tiului se caracterizeaz\u0103 printr-un optimism incredibil, care a atins fiecare aspect \u0219i domeniu de activitate. Nici dezvoltarea industrial\u0103 nu a fost scutit\u0103 de acest av\u00e2nt. Mai multe detalii pe <a href=\"http:\/\/bucharest1.one.\">bucharest1.one<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2f9f343b2b9\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2f9f343b2b9\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/eternal\/dezvoltarea-industriei-in-bucuresti-inceputul-perioadei-interbelice-2706\/#Trei_etape_ale_industrializarii_orasului\" >Trei etape ale industrializ\u0103rii ora\u0219ului<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/eternal\/dezvoltarea-industriei-in-bucuresti-inceputul-perioadei-interbelice-2706\/#Alte_domenii_ale_industrializarii\" >Alte domenii ale industrializ\u0103rii<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/eternal\/dezvoltarea-industriei-in-bucuresti-inceputul-perioadei-interbelice-2706\/#Armata_in_procesul_de_industrializare\" >Armata \u00een procesul de industrializare<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/eternal\/dezvoltarea-industriei-in-bucuresti-inceputul-perioadei-interbelice-2706\/#Autobuze_si_tramvaie\" >Autobuze \u0219i tramvaie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trei_etape_ale_industrializarii_orasului\"><\/span>Trei etape ale industrializ\u0103rii ora\u0219ului<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.bucharest1.one\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2024\/11\/ad_4nxc9xjuz_3oqw4fxgrd2jikeuhhwidg-vqba8p6yb-vyroavjtueyvuehuznrnsunr0nulzrkq4pzokba3z0mf33r-et0viugygwwtjnj532scf_9zdua2at0g4vopkt8p2ymxznle0jmu2qpgv0mghxrshjkeyjz5qy6zdgs2jpzxabxngbzu0.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Industrializarea s-a extins cu pa\u0219i mari \u00een ora\u0219. Acest proces poate fi structurat \u00een trei etape: \u00een prima etap\u0103, de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul r\u0103zboiului p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul crizei, au fost create sau extinse multe \u00eentreprinderi. \u00cen a doua etap\u0103, odat\u0103 cu Marea Criz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1933, dezvoltarea industrial\u0103 a ora\u0219ului a stagnat relativ. \u00cen a treia etap\u0103, care \u00eencepe \u00een 1933 \u0219i se \u00eencheie odat\u0103 cu cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, ritmul industrializ\u0103rii a accelerat, influen\u021bat de \u00eenarmare, politica de echipare \u0219i o lege din 1 august 1936, care \u00eencuraja produc\u021bia de bunuri ce nu se produceau anterior \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. Num\u0103rul \u00eentreprinderilor ap\u0103rute \u00een Bucure\u0219ti \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 interbelic\u0103 a ajuns la sute. \u00cen industria grea, cele mai importante au fost uzinele Malaxa, care au \u00eenceput cu repara\u021bii de locomotive, iar mai t\u00e2rziu au produs propriile locomotive, unele dintre cele mai puternice din Europa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 uzinele \u00abMalaxa\u00bb, au fost \u00eenfiin\u021bate \u0219i fabrici de \u021bevi f\u0103r\u0103 sudur\u0103, care au beneficiat de sprijin de stat prin credite \u0219i comenzi. \u00cen Bucure\u0219ti a fost fondat\u0103 compania de produse laminate \u00abLaromet\u00bb. \u00abFord-Rom\u00e2nia\u00bb, cu sediul \u00een Floreasca, construia \u0219i repara automobile \u00abFord\u00bb pentru pia\u021ba rom\u00e2neasc\u0103. \u00cen industria textil\u0103, \u00een 1923 au fost \u00eenfiin\u021bate fabrici de fire de m\u0103tase, inclusiv r\u0103zboaiele de \u021besut \u00abJacquard\u00bb \u0219i \u00abAdesgo\u00bb. Fabrici moderne de \u021besut \u0219i filare au ap\u0103rut \u0219i \u00een alte p\u0103r\u021bi ale ora\u0219ului, bazate exclusiv pe capital englez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alte_domenii_ale_industrializarii\"><\/span>Alte domenii ale industrializ\u0103rii<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.bucharest1.one\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2024\/11\/ad_4nxcl-jujftcwapgdwk40v6r2b_g2zrx-vkpjnxb3gvbfag43nevna40c_-uxjnssbuz5i3iqwydpotbrntzq17urrotvu9ngmlroikxhup5-9xfhzwavslxgbyiziyc7kp1im-phbmd7eo0uwgg4jopb5pskeyjz5qy6zdgs2jpzxabxngbzu0.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceste \u00eentreprinderi, se reg\u0103sesc \u0219i birourile po\u0219tale \u00abPost\u0103v\u0103ria Rom\u00e2n\u0103\u00bb pe Pantelimon Road \u0219i altele. \u00cen acea perioad\u0103, industria textil\u0103 oferea cele mai multe locuri de munc\u0103. La 1 ianuarie 1938, aceasta angaja 17.911 lucr\u0103tori, comparativ cu 7.424 \u00een metalurgie sau 5.659 \u00een industria chimic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Industria electrotehnic\u0103 a cunoscut o dezvoltare deosebit\u0103. Becurile electrice erau produse de \u00abLumen\u00bb \u0219i \u00abTungsram\u00bb, telefoanele \u0219i aparatele electrice de \u00abStandard Electrica Rom\u00e2n\u0103\u00bb \u0219i \u00abElnor\u00bb, iar ma\u0219inile de c\u0103lcat electrice de \u00abIndustria Electric\u0103 Rom\u00e2n\u0103\u00bb. O nou\u0103 industrie ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een perioada interbelic\u0103 este cea aeronautic\u0103, dou\u0103 companii din Bucure\u0219ti \u2013 \u00abSET\u00bb \u0219i \u00abICAR\u00bb \u2013 desf\u0103\u0219ur\u00e2nd activit\u0103\u021bi de succes \u00een acest domeniu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen sectorul comer\u021bului, industria alimentar\u0103 era cea mai bine reprezentat\u0103. \u00cen Bucure\u0219tiul interbelic existau 15 categorii de baruri \u0219i magazine. Alimentarele erau r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een tot ora\u0219ul. Magazine precum \u00abDragomir Niculescu\u00bb pe Calea Victoriei sau \u00abDinischitu\u00bb pe Strada Decebal erau printre cele mai cunoscute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De asemenea, existau magazine specializate \u00een v\u00e2nzarea unui singur tip de produs, precum cele \u00abRochus\u00bb, unde se vindeau produse din carne, sau magazinele \u00abZamfirescu\u00bb \u0219i \u00abAnghelescu\u00bb, renumite pentru pr\u0103jiturile lor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Principalul factor care a favorizat acest proces de industrializare a fost statutul de capital\u0103 a Principatelor Unite, ob\u021binut de Bucure\u0219ti \u00een 1859. Primul impact al acestui statut s-a concretizat prin cre\u0219terea num\u0103rului func\u021bionarilor publici, care \u00een 1911 reprezentau 35% din popula\u021bia ora\u0219ului. Dezvoltarea statului rom\u00e2n a dus la o cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a birocra\u021biei, proces care s-a intensificat \u0219i mai mult dup\u0103 1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Armata_in_procesul_de_industrializare\"><\/span>Armata \u00een procesul de industrializare<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.bucharest1.one\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2024\/11\/ad_4nxc69gvc8xqlouqkxaerkn8l1dtzmpdfd0ftbt5n5szgxbdyeddbxxoxu85e9up0itrbjjnr0_j2zkcaehlwlcgogc21vyxps8yvckox6vpocpsnqmo45zkihvhu2mpfy-iir4gyu7kipekfbn2-8l-kdykvkeyjz5qy6zdgs2jpzxabxngbzu0.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen 1930, 15% din to\u021bi func\u021bionarii publici \u0219i ofi\u021berii Rom\u00e2niei locuiau \u00een Bucure\u0219ti. Existen\u021ba familiilor numeroase cu venituri stabile a transformat capitala \u00eentr-un ora\u0219 al consumului mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t al produc\u021biei. Bucure\u0219tiul era o pia\u021b\u0103 de desfacere excelent\u0103 pentru produsele de consum \u0219i textile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Armata a jucat un rol important \u00een dezvoltarea ora\u0219ului. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1950, aproape \u00eentreaga zon\u0103 de vest era utilizat\u0103 de armat\u0103. Unele dintre primele fabrici din Bucure\u0219ti au fost \u00eenfiin\u021bate cu ajutorul investi\u021biilor militare: arsenalul militar de pe Dealul Spirei, fabrica militar\u0103 etc. Un moment important \u00een dezvoltarea industriei bucure\u0219tene a fost perioada 1890\u20131910, c\u00e2nd a fost adoptat\u0103 o politic\u0103 economic\u0103 legislativ\u0103 care stimula produc\u021bia local\u0103, afect\u00e2nd importurile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/historia.ro\/sectiune\/general\/cum-s-a-dezvoltat-economic-bucurestiul-in-perioada-575585.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">C\u0103ile Ferate Rom\u00e2ne<\/a> au jucat un rol important \u00een procesul de industrializare. Influen\u021ba lor s-a resim\u021bit la trei niveluri. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, CFR avea contracte cu uzinele din Bucure\u0219ti (Malaxa, Lema\u00eetre, Vulcan) pentru extinderea infrastructurii. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, CFR a influen\u021bat planificarea urban\u0103 a ora\u0219ului, fiind cel mai mare proprietar de terenuri din Bucure\u0219ti la \u00eenceputul secolului XX, prin construirea cartierului Giule\u0219ti. \u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, CFR a stimulat dezvoltarea economic\u0103 a ora\u0219ului, permi\u021b\u00e2nd transportul ieftin al m\u0103rfurilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Agrega\u021bia urban\u0103 la nivelul Bucure\u0219tiului a necesitat mijloace de transport pentru a conecta zonele reziden\u021biale cu locurile de munc\u0103 \u0219i fabricile. Compania de transport public din Bucure\u0219ti era cel mai mare angajator din ora\u0219 \u0219i al doilea angajator din Rom\u00e2nia. Mult timp, transportul public bucure\u0219tean a fost dominat de tramvaie. Din 1906, tramvaiele trase de cai au fost \u00eenlocuite cu tramvaie electrice. Aceast\u0103 opera\u021biune s-a \u00eencheiat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Autobuze_si_tramvaie\"><\/span>Autobuze \u0219i tramvaie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.bucharest1.one\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2024\/11\/ad_4nxdiibo2_lhr0l73uq5f4kgmyehhckcyw8pxhxa1t3h0rt7tuso7d07e2umokebnc-loesnwxrmknwqr-ahkcow9hrwqobeubvnczoqu1cvzkzjttyidpyjegselgq4pqfhpqvxbqlw5eqx1kkj7j4ziokmykeyjz5qy6zdgs2jpzxabxngbzu0.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1920 au fost introduse autobuze. Astfel, \u00een 1938, existau 689 de tramvaie \u0219i 589 de autobuze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Distribu\u021bia geografic\u0103 a activit\u0103\u021bii industriale \u00een Bucure\u0219ti la \u00eenceputul secolului XX prezenta dou\u0103 aspecte diametral opuse. Pe de o parte, se remarca \u00eencercarea de a concentra mai multe \u00eentreprinderi pe un spa\u021biu limitat, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte, activitatea era dispersat\u0103 \u00een ateliere \u0219i mici fabrici pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103 extins\u0103. \u00cen acea perioad\u0103, existau nou\u0103 zone industriale distincte \u00een Bucure\u0219ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1850 era imposibil de definit o industrie \u00een Bucure\u0219ti. Dup\u0103 1880 au \u00eenceput s\u0103 apar\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 noi \u00eentreprinderi, cu c\u00e2teva excep\u021bii anterioare. Acestea includ moara Asan, construit\u0103 \u00een 1853, fabrica metalurgic\u0103 Lemaitre, fondat\u0103 \u00een 1864, fabrica de ceramic\u0103 a lui Max Tonolla \u0219i fabrica de bazalt \u0219i ceramic\u0103 Rezoare, din 1865.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evolu\u021bia procesului de industrializare a ora\u0219ului Bucure\u0219ti arat\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een 1921, existau 146 de fabrici mari \u00een ora\u0219, iar \u00een 1922 num\u0103rul acestora a crescut la 332. Industria din Bucure\u0219ti era, de obicei, grupat\u0103 de-a lungul liniilor vechilor forturi militare construite \u00eentre 1870\u20131880. Re\u021beaua de forturi era alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din 18 bunc\u0103re \u0219i baterii de tunuri, construite dup\u0103 planurile arhitectului militar belgian \u0219i conectate prin drumuri \u0219i c\u0103i ferate ce \u00eensumau aproximativ 70 de kilometri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen perioada 1935\u20131939, comer\u021bul bucure\u0219tean a atins apogeul. Afluxul de m\u0103rfuri \u0219i cump\u0103r\u0103tori era at\u00e2t de mare \u00eenc\u00e2t circula\u021bia vehiculelor a fost interzis\u0103 pe anumite sec\u021biuni \u00eentre Sm\u00e2rdan \u0219i Pia\u021ba Sf\u00e2ntul Gheorghe. Nu doar centrul ora\u0219ului era plin de magazine, ci \u0219i periferia, cu puncte de v\u00e2nzare necesare locuitorilor. Cel mai mare magazin universal din Bucure\u0219ti era \u00abGaleries Lafayette\u00bb de pe Calea Victoriei, ocup\u00e2nd cl\u0103direa fostei companii \u00abSocec\u00bb. Acesta p\u0103stra, de asemenea, un departament de c\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i articole de papet\u0103rie \u00een mijlocul magazinului. Au ap\u0103rut, de asemenea, magazine de articole ieftine, precum magazinele \u00abSora\u00bb, unul pe Calea Victoriei \u0219i altul pe Calea Grivi\u021bei, \u00een fa\u021ba G\u0103rii de Nord.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Perioada interbelic\u0103 a dezvolt\u0103rii Bucure\u0219tiului se caracterizeaz\u0103 printr-un optimism incredibil, care a atins fiecare aspect \u0219i domeniu de activitate. Nici dezvoltarea industrial\u0103 nu a fost scutit\u0103 de acest av\u00e2nt. Mai multe detalii pe bucharest1.one. Trei etape ale industrializ\u0103rii ora\u0219ului Industrializarea s-a extins cu pa\u0219i mari \u00een ora\u0219. Acest proces poate fi structurat \u00een trei etape: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":427,"featured_media":2205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1201],"tags":[2037,2040,2032,2042,2038,2036,2041,2034,2030,2039,2033,2035,2031],"moimportance":[78,81],"motype":[1204],"moformat":[83],"class_list":{"0":"post-2706","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-afaceri","8":"tag-armata","9":"tag-armata-romaniei","10":"tag-autobuze","11":"tag-comert-in-bucuresti","12":"tag-electrificarea-bucurestiului","13":"tag-fabrici","14":"tag-fabrici-in-bucuresti","15":"tag-industrializare","16":"tag-industrie","17":"tag-industrie-usoara","18":"tag-magazine-alimentare","19":"tag-tramvaie","20":"tag-transport-in-comun","21":"moimportance-golovna-novina","22":"moimportance-retranslyacziya-v-agregatori","23":"motype-eternal","24":"moformat-vlasna"},"modified_by":"Katya Koshevaya","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/427"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2706"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2719,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2706\/revisions\/2719"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2706"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2706"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=2706"},{"taxonomy":"motype","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/motype?post=2706"},{"taxonomy":"moformat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bucharest1.one\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moformat?post=2706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}